Exhibits Cont to States Rebuttal to Ds Supp Disc Response

impression was cast. The lift card should also contain significant information about the orientation and / or position of the impression on the surface, ideally including the location of the flap / strip.

18.12.3.15If placing the cast in a small coin envelope, identifying information, as outlined in 16.9.3.7, should be included on the outside of the coin envelope.

18.12.3.16Casts may become stuck to one another if packaged in a way that they could contact one another. For this reason, each cast should be packaged separately in a small envelope or box.

18.12.3.17Multiple casts from the same surface / location (e.g. several pry marks on a window frame) may be packaged in the same outer evidence envelope / sack as long as the casts are contained in individual inner packages.

18.12.4 Safety 18.12.4.1 Do not allow the Mikrosil hardener to contact the eyes or mucous membranes. In case of contact, immediately flush with plenty of water.

Crime Scene Manual Revision 3 Firearms and Tool Mark Page 120 of 153 Issue Date: 12/28/2021 Evidence
Issuing Authority: Quality Manager All printed copies are uncontrolled STATE'S EHXIBIT exhibitsticker.com S-1a (cont.)

CR01-24-31665

19.0 Vehicle Processing 19.1 Vehicles may hold an abundance of evidence, depending on the amount of contact the suspect and / or victim may have had with the vehicle. A vehicle should be examined thoroughly and should be treated in all aspects like a stand-alone crime scene.

19.2 A vehicle should be properly documented using photography, notes, and sketches / diagrams (as appropriate) prior to searching the vehicle and collection of any evidence.

19.2.1 A vehicle should be photographed as outlined in Section 8 of this manual.

Section 8.31 outlines the specific photographs that should be taken of a vehicle.

19.2.2 Notes should include the location and condition of seals, including the time they were broken. Vehicle descriptions shall include the year, color, make, model, license plate number, and Vehicle Identification Number (VIN); note if the VIN plate / sticker and / or license plate (s) are missing. The general condition of the vehicle and its contents shall be noted.

19.2.3 Sketches / diagrams may be utilized as appropriate, depending on case circumstances. Diagrams of a variety of styles of cars, trucks, vans, and sport utility vehicles are available and may be printed out and used for efficiency. Sketches may be utilized to supplement notes as appropriate.

19.2.4 Consideration should be made to document the location / position of vehicle components (e.g. driver's seat) in case its location / position is relevant to the investigation. During processing, components may be moved / altered.

19.3 The Vehicle Identification Number (VIN) is available on a plate affixed to the driver's side of the dashboard (near the windshield), on the edge of the driver's door, and in the engine compartment.

19.3.1 Current models of vehicles have a standard VIN of 17 characters. Vehicles manufactured prior to 1981 might have fewer characters.

19.3.2 The 10th character of the VIN indicates its model year.

• A: 1980 or 2010
B: 1981 or 2011 0 C: 1982 or 2012
• D: 1983 or 2013
E: 1984 or 2014
F: 1985 or 2015
G: 1986 or 2016
H: 1987 or 2017
J: 1988 or 2018
K: 1989 or 2019 Crime Scene Manual Revision 3 Vehicle Processing Page 121 of 153 Issue Date: 12/28/2021
Issuing Authority: Quality Manager All printed copies are uncontrolled

0 L: 1990 or 2020
• M: 1991 or 2021 0 N: 1992 or 2022
P: 1993

R: 1994

S: 1995

T: 1996

0 V: 1997

W: 1998

X: 1999

Y: 2000

0 1: 2001 0 2: 2002 0 3: 2003 0 4: 2004 0 5: 2005 0 6: 2006 7: 2007 8: 2008 0 9: 2009 approach to searching a vehicle may be accomplished by dividing the 19.4 A systematic areas based on the occupants / areas (e.g. driver, front passenger, rear vehicle into passenger side, third row driver side, third row passenger side, driver side, rear cargo area, trunk, etc.).

associated with the driver should be labeled as " driver ", rather than 19.4.1 Areas e.g. driver's door rather than driver side front door).

as " driver's side " ( examination and / or processing of the vehicle is dictated by the 19.5 The extent of the of crime and / or types of evidence that may be present.

type sunroof, that are often overlooked include the headliner, visors, 19.5.1 Areas engine compartment, and undercarriage.

be utilized at an oblique angle in order to visualize small 19.6 A strong white light may particular type of evidence being searched for would react with a evidence. If a utilized wavelength of light, an alternate light source (ALS) may be different the white light setting on an ALS are the most common 19.6.1 A flashlight or sources for a strong white light.

be utilized by analysts who have received training in the 19.6.2 An ALS may only appropriate use of an ALS.

19.6.2.1 When using an ALS to observe an item / surface, goggles shall be worn.

19.6.2.2 The appropriate goggles should be used, depending on wavelength.

Crime Scene Manual Revision 3
Page 122 of 153 Issue Date: 12/28/2021 Vehicle Processing Issuing Authority: Quality Manager All printed copies are uncontrolled

WAVELENGTH CORRESPONDING FILTER

< 400nm yellow or clear UV safe 400-450nm yellow 450-540nm orange > 540-700nm red 19.6.2.3 Permanent eye damage can occur from reflected, refracted, or direct illumination by the ALS to the eye. Extreme care should be taken around highly reflective surfaces. An analyst should never look directly into the light or allow beams to bounce off the surface into their own eyes or another person's eyes.

19.7 Trace evidence may be present on the interior surfaces of the vehicle and / or on items found in the vehicle.

19.7.1 Trace evidence should be examined and collected as outlined in Section 17 of this manual.

19.7.2 One piece of adhesive collection material may be used to collect trace evidence from one area in a vehicle (e.g. driver's seat cushion / backrest, rear passenger side floorboard, cargo area floor, etc.).

19.8 Biological stains may be present on the interior and exterior surfaces of the vehicle and / or on items found in the vehicle.

19.8.1 Biological evidence should be examined and collected as outlined in Section 12 of this manual.

19.8.2 Presumptive blood tests should be conducted as outlined in Section 10 of this manual.

19.9 Latent prints may be present on the interior and exterior surfaces of the vehicle, and / or on items found in the vehicle.

19.9.1 Latent print processing should be conducted as outlined in Section 15 of this manual.

19.10 Gunshot residue (GSR) may be present on the interior and exterior surfaces of the vehicle, and / or on items found in the vehicle.

19.10.1 Collection of GSR samples should be conducted as outlined in Section 18 of this manual.

Crime Scene Manual Revision 3 Vehicle Processing Page 123 of 153 Issue Date: 12/28/2021
Issuing Authority: Quality Manager All printed copies are uncontrolled

Excavations and Scattered Human Remains 20.0 Buried Body have either been buried or exposed to the environment for an 20.1 Bodies that time present challenges to crime scene investigation. The extended period of the that has elapsed since the body has been in an area, greater the amount of time evidence and items associated with the crime may have greater the likelihood that items associated with buried bodies or bodies that been dispersed. Evidence an extended period tend to be widely dispersed in decompose on the surface over vegetation. This demands the application of archeological the surrounding soil and and document the evidence and its scene context.

techniques in an effort to locate be taken to examine the area for evidence that may help 20.1.1 Care should whether the death took place in the area, or if the death may determine another location, and the body was taken to the area for have taken place at disposal. skeletal examination of a scene containing a buried body or an outdoor 20.1.2 The include consultation with the local coroner's office and recovery shall consultation with a forensic anthropologist, anthropologist, should include or similarly trained expert.

maintain partnerships with anthropologists who may be 20.1.3 ISPFS works to attend a scene as an advisor, give instructions for scene able to or differentiate between human and non-human bones.

methodology, and / Consideration should be given for the possibility of a burial 20.1.3.1 related to the recovery of a Native American person and burial sites of possible historical significance.

discovered by chance or by searching an area based on 20.2 Clandestine graves may be subject. There are a number of different methodologies information provided by a employed to attempt to detect a clandestine grave in an and tools that may be area. interest may indicate areas of 20.2.1 A visual examination of an area of Depending on a number of factors (e.g. the length of time the disturbance.

been buried, the type of soil, etc.), the grave may vary in body has from the surrounding area. There could be disturbed soil, a appearance compaction, and / or a change in vegetation between the grave mound, soil grave and the surrounding area.

techniques used to search for graves include the use of 20.2.2 Non-invasive photography, cadaver dogs, magnetometers, groundaerial / drone infrared thermography. Intrusive techniques for penetrating radar, and include the use of probes and vapor monitors. These locating graves techniques may only be utilized by trained experts.

Crime Scene Manual Revision 3 Excavations and Page 124 of 153 Issue Date: 12/28/2021 Buried Body Scattered Human Remains Issuing Authority: Quality Manager All printed copies are uncontrolled

may be used to remove topsoil in an area. Care should be taken to 20.2.3 Shovels in shallow, horizontal motion to avoid having the end of penetrate the soil a the shovel impact anything in the grave. If any item in the grave is inadvertently struck by a shovel, it shall be documented in the notes.

of heavy machinery in an attempt to locate a grave should be the 20.2.4 The use option undertaken, when all other attempts to locate a grave have last failed.

20.2.4.1 Heavy machinery, such as a backhoe, may be utilized to slowly scrape topsoil in layers from the area in question. If any artifact is discovered, the process shall be halted, and standard excavation techniques are utilized.

area of a potential gravesite should be properly documented using 20.3 The notes, and sketches / diagrams (as appropriate) prior to searching photography, the area and collection of any evidence.

and appropriate, aerial photography should be done in addition 20.3.1 If available to traditional crime scene photography.

gravesite has been detected or is suspected by any means, consideration 20.4 Once a should be undertaken. Additionally, the path in / out of the area, and for excavation discarded evidence along that path, should be considered the possibility of any and those areas preserved.

20.4.1 A grid search is often the most appropriate method to search an area involved in an excavation. A reference point (RP), or several reference RP's), may be established, depending on the size and elements points ( involved in the terrain.

physical grid may be established over the area to be excavated. All
20.4.2 A

measurements can be made to the RP's established within the grid itself.

Since the grave is a three-dimensional artifact, depth shall also be documented for each discovery.

20.4.2.1 The grid should be oriented north / south and east / west as much as practical, given the scene circumstances. Stakes should be driven into the ground at the four corners of the grid.

20.4.2.2 String or flagging tape should be used to connect the four stakes and establish the outer perimeter of the grid. At least one string line should be checked to ensure it is level; it may then be used for depth measurements to items of evidence.

surface of the area should be examined first. Any visible items of potential 20.5 The evidence shall be documented prior to excavation.

Crime Scene Manual Revision 3 Excavations and Page 125 of 153 Issue Date: 12/28/2021 Buried Body Scattered Human Remains Quality Manager Issuing Authority:
All printed copies are uncontrolled

20.5.1 Once surface finds are properly documented and collected, the site should be examined with a metal detector; any hits should be marked for further documentation and excavation; surveyor flags work well for this.

20.5.2 Loose debris (e.g. leaves, twigs, etc.) should be removed by hand and examined for any potential evidentiary value. Care should be taken for any items that have scene context (e.g. sticks fashioned in a cross formation) and to ensure that underlying items of evidence are not disturbed.

20.5.3 Once loose debris is removed, the ground should be reexamined for any objects or items of evidence. Ground plants should be removed by cutting them at ground level, unless a forensic botanist requests the root system to be retained.

20.6 Screens should be used to examine all litter, debris, or soil removed from the excavation site. This should preclude missing small items such as bullet fragments, teeth, small bones, and other small artifacts.

20.6.1 A methodology should be established prior to excavation so that the location from which soil was taken is not lost as screen sifting is undertaken. By doing so, the location of any evidence that's discovered can be documented properly. Additionally, if soil samples are to be collected, their location from the site can be determined.

20.6.2 A two-level screening effort is recommended. The first screen is usually made up of 1/4 inch mesh, while the second is made up of 1/16 inch mesh.

Double screening will make it more likely that small objects such as hairs, fibers, or shot pellets are located and recovered.

20.7 Actual excavation of the site should be undertaken in levels. General archeological protocol dictates that excavations proceed in arbitrary levels following the surface contour until an evident stratum (i.e. layer) is located (man-made or natural).

20.7.1 A stratum may be a layer of some specific type of soil, a layer with some form of particular debris, or any level in which an artifact or artifacts become exposed.

20.7.2 Once excavated and mapped, the process continues for each newly discovered stratum.

20.7.3 The primary tools required for excavation include trowels and brushes. Use of these hand tools helps to prevent damage to the sides of the grave and the evidence contained in the grave.

20.7.4 Because the sequence of artifacts uncovered is important, dirt should be removed in no more than 2 to 4 inch layers. If a layer of a material is less than 2 inches (e.g. 1 inch layer of gravel), then less material should be removed when excavating that stratum.

20.7.5 As the grave sides are exposed, they should be examined for evidence of tool or footwear marks.

Crime Scene Manual Revision 3 Buried Body Excavations and Page 126 of 153 Issue Date: 12/28/2021 Scattered Human Remains
Issuing Authority: Quality Manager All printed copies are uncontrolled

20.8 As each artifact is discovered, it shall be properly documented using photography, notes, sketches / diagrams, and location from RP's.

20.8.1 Each object's elevation shall be measured in relation to the grid RP.

Elevation can be easily measured using a string, string level, and plumb bob.

20.9 Upon initial exposure of the body, there may be a desire to expose the remains quickly. However, it is important to maintain elevation control, slowly exposing the body and collecting any artifacts.

20.9.1 There should be a significant number of photographs taken as the body is exposed, documenting each step and the condition of the body.

20.9.2 Once the body is completely exposed, its position is documented in relation to the grid, and any associated articles found on or beside it are documented fully prior to collection. The body may be protecting evidence, including tool and footwear impressions; care should be made to prevent soil from filling in the impressions or compacting any impressions.

20.9.3 Once the body is removed, excavation continues until the base of the grave is reached; at least 2 to 4 inches below the body should be excavated. The total depth of the grave should be measured and documented.

Scattered or skeletonized remains may appear in two different ways; either a 20.10 skeleton or badly decomposed body is found relatively complete in a single location or it is widely dispersed over a large area. Dispersal may vary greatly depending on animal activity, erosion, or flooding. Additionally, the body may been dismembered and scattered intentionally as a countermeasure by the have suspect.

While each type of scene shall follow the same general processes for 20.10.1 documentation and collection of evidence, widely dispersed remains can be more difficult to map.

Scattered remains may be due to a suspect's actions, but is frequently 20.10.2 the result of animal activity. Bones found in a remote setting should first be determined to be human before beginning full scene processing; a forensic anthropologist or other appropriately trained person should make that determination.

Once the remains are verified as human, a grid should be established 20.10.3 over the primary location of remains. The size and scope of the grid is determined by the amount of scatter.

20.10.4 A line search is effective when dealing with remains scattered over a large area. When searching, any obvious remains should be marked with a flag until they can be documented and collected. If an item is questionable, it should be flagged for consideration; some small bones aren't easily Crime Scene Manual Revision 3 Buried Body Excavations and Page 127 of 153 Issue Date: 12/28/2021 Scattered Human Remains Manager
Issuing Authority: Quality All printed copies are uncontrolled

discerned from rocks. Once the search is done, the area should be checked with a metal detector.

After documenting the surface and all obvious remains, the area 20.10.5 immediately surrounding the remains should be cleaned and exposed in the same way as a grave. Surface debris and plants should be removed.

should be taken to document plants growing in and around the body Care plant growth may help establish timelines. All items of evidence shall be as documented mapped, and collected. Once surface evidence is collected, the , the remains should be troweled to a depth of at least 2 inches area beneath and the soil should be searched for artifacts.

20.10.6 When dealing with scattered remains, a human skeleton diagram bone list may be utilized to keep track of which bones have been / found and as a reference for the basic anatomy of human bones.

Additionally, by keeping track of which bones have been found, the presence of too many bones of one type (e.g. three right femurs) immediately demonstrates the presence of more than one victim.

Crime Scene Manual Revision 3 Excavations and Page 128 of 153 Issue Date: 12/28/2021 Buried Body Scattered Human Remains Quality Manager Issuing Authority:
All printed copies are uncontrolled

21.0 Entomology 21.1 Insect activity that takes place in, on, and around a dead body may assist a forensic entomologist in determining time since death.

21.1.1 In the absence of a forensic entomologist on scene, CSIs can collect specimens to be sent for later analysis.

21.2 Flies may begin laying eggs on the body within 20 minutes of death. Flies target any warm, moist areas of the body.

21.2.1 Flies lay eggs in the nostrils, eyes, mouth, or any opening that is available on the body. If eggs are present in an area that is not a natural opening to the body, it is likely the site of an injury.

21.2.2 Eggs develop into larvae (i.e. maggots). The maggots will be present together in a mass. When the maggots mature, they leave the body.

When the maggots leave the body